Коносамент

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English: Bill of Lading)

Содержание

Основные положения

Коносамент (B/L) представляе собой документ, который подтверждает, что специфицированный товар получен в очевидном неиспорченном состоянии от названного грузоотправителя (consignor), и принят на борт названного судна (vessel) на установленную дату. Этот документ не представляет собой просто квитацию на груз принятый на борт, но является свидетельством контракта между грузоотправителем и судовладельцем (фрахтовщиком). Кроме того, коносамент является свидетельством собственности на товар, записанный в этом коносаменте (то есть, это - грузораспорядительный документ[1]). Коноссамент устанавливает условия контракте между грузоотправителем и транспортной компанией, согласно которому груз должен быть перемещен между специфицированными пурктами за специфицированную плату. Обычно коносамент оформляется грузоотправителем на бланко, предоставляемом перевозчиком и, как определено, служит грузораспорядительным документом, контрактом на перевозку и квитанцией (распиской) на прием груза. Кроме того, в зависимости от условий и организации транспортных средств существую разные типы коносаментов, именуемые авианакладная (AWB)[2], Inland Bill of Lading, Ocean Bill of Lading, and Through Bill of Lading, and Shipped On Board Bill of Lading.

Meaning and nature of Bill of Lading [3]

Bill of lading (B/L) is usually a document issued pursuant to a contract of carriage of goods by sea. This document is a versatile document recording the receipt of goods which also provides evidence of the contract of carriage and may also serve as a document of title to the goods it represents[4]. A bill of lading means and includes “a document which evidences a contract of carriage by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier, and by which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against surrender of the document. A provision in the document that the goods are to be delivered to the order of a named person, or to order, or to bearer, constitutes such an undertaking.” [5]

Usually on the completion of the shipment of the cargo or on receipt of the latter the carrier [6] or charterer [7] of the vessel, on the demand of the shipper or otherwise, issue a bill of lading stating, inter alia[8],

  • (a) a short description of the cargo loaded on board the vessel,
  • (b) the name and principal place of business of the carrier,
  • (c) the name of the shipper,
  • (d)the consignee if named by the shipper,
  • (e) the port of loading under the contract of carriage by sea and the date on which the goods were

taken over by the carrier at the port of loading,

  • (f) the port of discharge under the contract of carriage by sea,
  • (g) the number of originals of the bill of lading, if more than one,
  • (h) the place of issuance of the bill of lading,
  • (i) the signature of the carrier or a person acting on his behalf,
  • (j) the freight to the extent payable by the consignee or other indication that freight is payable by him etc.

Generally the reverse side of the B/L contains standard terms on which the carriage contract is agreed to be performed and such terms, in case of disputes, form the basis of any claim and adjudication, provided that these terms are neither nullified by any statute nor these are oppose to public policy under any legal system where the dispute ought to be tried. The aforesaid features of the B/L is marginalized by its third and final character. The greater importance of the bill of lading in the modern time lies in the facts of its being a document of title of the goods its represents. Whoever lawfully holds a bill shall have the proprietary interest and constructive possession over the goods while these are in transit. It carries with it not only the full ownership of the goods, but also all rights created by the contract of carriage between the shipper and the shipowner[9].

Types of bill of lading

There are numerous different types of ocean bill of lading, but you will find that the following are the most commonly used[10]:

A "straight" (non-negotiable) bill of lading provides for delivery to the person whose name appears on it. It must be marked "non-negotiable." Only the person named can claim the goods upon arrival. This type of bill is usually used for goods shipped on an open-account payment basis when the exporter is not concerned about the importer receiving the goods without payment.

A "shipper's order" (negotiable) bill of lading is used when you want to impose conditions on delivery of the goods, such as acceptance of a draft. This type of bill of lading works well when payment has been secured by a letter of credit because you can make sure that the terms of the L/C are met before the goods are released.

A "clean bill of lading" is issued when the shipment is received in "apparent good order and condition" without damages or other irregularities. If there is any damage or a shortage of product is found, a clean bill of lading will not be issued. Therefore there is nothing to qualify the admission that the goods are shipped in good order and condition in the clean bill of lading.

An "unclean bill of lading" is a Bill of Lading that has been claused by the carrier to show that the goods were not in sound condition when received. Also called a Foul Bill of Lading.

An "on-board bill of lading" is issued when the cargo has been placed aboard the named vessel. It is signed and certified by the master of the vessel. For a letter of credit transaction, this bill of lading is required in order for you (the exporter) to get paid.

A "through bill of lading" is a single bill of lading converting both the domestic and international carriage of an export shipment. An air waybill, for instance, is essentially a through bill of lading used for air shipments. Ocean shipments, on the other hand, usually require two separate documents: an inland bill of lading for domestic carriage and an ocean bill of lading for international carriage. Through bills of lading are insufficient for ocean shipments.

An "ocean bill of lading" is a bill of lading indicating that the exporter consigns a shipment to an international carrier for transportation to a specified foreign market. Unlike an inland B/L, the ocean B/L also serves as a collection document. If it is a "straight" B/L, the foreign buyer can obtain the shipment from the carrier by simply showing proof of identity[11]. If a "negotiable" B/L is used, the buyer must first pay for the goods, post a bond, or meet other conditions agreeable to the seller.

An "inland bill of lading" is a bill of lading used in transporting goods overland to the exporter's international carrier. Although a through bill of lading can sometimes be used, it is usually necessary to prepare both an inland bill of lading and an ocean bill of lading for export shipments.


Бланк коносамента [12][13]

BillOfLadingR.jpeg

  1. Термины и документы - http://www.sofmar.ge/index.php?page=inform&id=&lang=rus
  2. Авианакладные служат выполнению тех же самых функций, что и океанские/морские коносаменты, но они выпускаются только в форме не могущих быть переуступленными (non-negotiable) документов. - Delaney, L. Bills of Lading: Ocean Bill of Lading and Airway Bil- http://importexport.about.com/od/InternationalDocumentation/a/Bills-Of-Lading-Ocean-Bill-Of-Lading-And-Airway-Bill.htm
  3. Razzak, M.A. Bill of Lading: A Pivotal Document in International Sale Transactions - http://www.ewubd.edu/ewu/showDocument.php?documentid=165&id=2268&dc=
  4. Bridge, M. : The International Sale of Goods - Law and Practice, Oxford University Press, (1999) – Ch.13.
  5. Article I (7) // United Nations Convention on The Carriage of Goods by Sea, concluded at Hamburg on 31st day of March, 1978 (commonly known as “Hamburg Rules”) - http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/hamburgrules1978.html
  6. Carrier includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper. Shipper is a person who pursuant to a contract of sale causes the goods to be loaded on board ship: Article I (a) of the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading, Brussels, August 25, 1924, (The Hague Rules)
  7. Charterer is one who by virtue of a charterparty hires the entire ship or the principle part of it
  8. Article III (3) of The Hague Rules; Article 15 of the Hamburg Rules.
  9. ibid.
  10. Delaney, L. Op. cit.
  11. Could be a copy of the commercial invoice which shows the shipper and the consignee as per the manifest OR a request for release on the consignees official letter head and the contents of the letter must describe the cargo and give details of the shipper. - http://rms-st-helena.com/cargo/
  12. Коносамент - http://blanker.ru/doc/bill-of-lading
  13. В практике международной торговли коносаменты на русском языке не существуют. Настоящий бланк приводится лишь в словарных/переводческих целях. Собственно вид коносамента представлен в аглоязычной версии статьи "Коносамент".
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